![]() When the Occupation Line varies from the Deed Line, there may be a transfer of title by adverse possession. An Investigative Survey considers the main features of an area or, in contrast, examines the stress characteristics, subsidence, etc. It might be needed in lake and dam construction. A Vertical Control Survey creates a master system of elevation control points referenced to an imaginary surface such as sea level. A Horizontal Control Survey creates a master coordinate system to which other surveys refer. This may sometimes be accomplished by sophisticated aerial photography techniques. A Topographic Survey considers elevations and the big-picture to design drainage systems and flood control, for example. A Construction Survey controls positions, elevations, dimensions, and configurations of work in progress. A Location Survey (called a "lay-out") establishes the position on the ground of proposed construction. A Route Survey describes a center line and related widths and distances. A Standard Land Survey is only concerned with boundary lines. Sometimes there is a separate Mortgage Loan Survey that inspects the parcel for uses and obvious superior encumbrances. Land Title Surveys focus on insuring title to a parcel and reference all encumbrances such as easements or improvements. In the entire land survey system there were instances of fraud or sloppy surveying that created numerous legal issues and boundary disputes. ![]() The Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 granted railroads public lands in exchange for construction. Ground markers (monumentation) provided the precise locations of points and lines. In some states there are references to other units such as varas, labors, leagues, rods, poles, perchs, chains, and links. A mile is 5,280 feet and an acre is 43,560 square feet. 36 sections (six miles square) equal a Township further located with additional descriptors omitted here in the interest of brevity. The Public Land Survey System in shorthand fashion created numbered rectangular grids of one square mile each (a "section" of 640 acres) from a Base Line (a parallel of latitude) and Principal Meridian (a north-south line). Of course natural makers disappeared (for example, "a large Hickory tree") and various difficulties caused the development of the more precise Public Land Survey System. It used natural landmarks and distances with simple compass headings of north, south, east, and west. This is because a more detailed definition would otherwise be either too expensive to carry out, or simply unnecessary.Many earliest land surveys followed a metes-and-bounds system adapted from England. For example, a manmade wall, public roadway, or even an existing building can be served as a plot of land’s “bounds.”īounds are often used to define bigger pieces of property, such as farms, or political subdivisions, including a town’s boundaries. While on the other hand, the term “Bounds” refer to a term which is used to describe a property’s boundary lines in a more general sense. This means that metes can be described as north, south, east, or west. A property’s direction may be as simple as a compass point, or the direction that each point of the property faces. It is also found by determining a plot of land’s direction. Metes refers to a straight run distance between two corners or points. The term “Metes” refer to a piece of property’s boundary lines, as determined by measuring its “straight runs.” Natural monuments and artificial monuments can both be used as metes and bounds. In legal descripttions, metes and bounds are considered as the most accurate descripttion of a piece of land in some jurisdictions.Ī metes and bounds legal descripttion starts from a point of beginning, then traces the outline of the property’s boundary lines until there is closure in the legal descripttion. ![]() Legal descripttion is the geographical descripttion of a land that identifies its precise location, and is kept with the deed of the land. Metes and Bounds landmarks are often used in a “legal descripttion” of a land. Metes and bounds are the boundaries of a parcel of real estate that identified by its natural landmarks. To explore this concept, consider the following metes and bounds definition. Once the descripttion is complete, the boundaries of the property may be physically marked on the ground with permanent markers, that is if no suitable natural markers exist. These features define the boundaries of a select parcel of land, and they may also include references to adjoining parcels of land and their owners. ![]() The system of metes and bounds is usually used in real estate in order to describe a land or real property based the its physical features of its location, as well as directions and distances. ![]()
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